RAID works by combining multiple physical disks into one logical unit using three main techniques: disk mirroring, striping, and parity.
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Disk Mirroring (RAID 1) creates exact copies of data on two or more disks simultaneously. This provides high fault tolerance because if one disk fails, the data is still available on the other(s). Mirroring improves read performance since data can be read from any mirrored disk, but it halves usable storage capacity because data is duplicated.
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Striping (RAID 0) splits data into blocks (strips) and distributes these blocks evenly across multiple disks. This improves read and write speeds by allowing parallel access to data but offers no redundancy—if one disk fails, all data in the array is lost.
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Parity adds extra information calculated from the data blocks, stored either on a dedicated disk or distributed across disks. This parity data allows the system to reconstruct lost data if a disk fails, providing a balance between performance, storage efficiency, and fault tolerance. Parity requires less storage overhead than mirroring but involves computational overhead for parity calculations.
In summary:
| Technique | How It Works | Pros | Cons |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mirroring | Copies identical data on multiple disks | High fault tolerance, faster reads | Halves usable storage capacity |
| Striping | Splits data blocks across disks | Improved read/write performance | No fault tolerance |
| Parity | Stores parity info for data reconstruction | Fault tolerance with less overhead | Computational overhead, slower writes |
RAID levels combine these techniques to optimize for different needs, such as RAID 1 (mirroring), RAID 0 (striping), RAID 5 (striping with distributed parity), and RAID 6 (striping with double parity).
This combination allows RAID to improve data reliability, performance, or both, depending on the chosen configuration.
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